Social Movements - lobbying

Greenpeace

emk46@duke.edu — Sat, 05 May 2018 03:08:25 +0000

Description:

Greenpeace is a nongovernmental organization that seeks to promote environmental justice through a variety of methods of nonviolent activism. Greenpeace's website states the following as its mission: Greenpeace is a global, independent campaigning organization that uses peaceful protest and creative communication to expose global environmental problems and promote solutions that are essential to a green and peaceful future (Greenpeace).

Greenpeace is a truly global organization: it has offices in 55 different countries and activities in all seven continents. Described as "the most visible environmental NGO today," Greenpeace is known for its vast success in garnering public attention across the world (Mintzberg and Westley). Greenpeace's activism activities tend to be bold and radical, and although their efforts often inspire awe and engagement among the community, Greenpeace has also attracted a lot of critics over the years. Some of their tactics have been highly controversial, even illegal in some cases. They also have a history of "monkeywrenching" and "ecotage": numerous Greenpeace activists have destroyed property in their attempts to promote environmental justice.

Mintzberg, H., & Westley, F. (1999). Sustaining the Institutional Environment. Organization Studies,20(7), 71-94. doi:10.1177/017084060002000705

Goals:

Greenpeace's website lists the following goals of the organization:

"protect biodiversity in all its forms
prevent pollution and abuse of the earth's ocean, land, air and fresh water
end all nuclear threats
promote peace, global disarmament and non-violence"

In general, Greenpeace's aims to use means of nonviolent protests, creative communications, and other forms of activism to not only spread awareness and interest in environmental issues, but also propose solutions. Greenpeace seeks to promote and create open, informed debate regarding environmental issues in the global society. Two other goals of Greenpeace include maintaining independence and not forming any permanent allies or enemies.

Structure:

Greenpeace is an international organization, and it's international office is based in Amsterdam. Greenpeace has 55 regional offices all over the planet. These offices function independently, and although they often carry out global campaigns, they often times are based on local issues. Regional offices also seek out funding from donors for their activism activities. Supported by a "consultive international decision making process", Greenpeace International monitors the coordination of the various regional offices' global strategies. Other roles of Greenpeace international include assisting in activism efforts in countries that do not have a Greenpeace office, creating new regional offices, fundraising, providing IT assistance, and protecting the Greenpeace trademark.

Genealogy:

The origins of Greenpeace began with a concert, a voyage, and a mission to end nuclear weapon tests. In 1969, a group of protestors held an unsuccessful peaceful protest in an attempt to prevent the U.S. from detonating a test bomb in Amchitka, Alaska. In 1970, these protestors establish their own group -- the Don't Make a Wave Committee -- and organized a benefit concert to raise money to fund a voyage to Amchitka. The ship was named Greenpeace by activist Bill Darnell, and it set sail in 1971. Due to an interference by the U.S. Coast Guard and bad weather, the Greenpeace crew had to cut their voyage short, but their trip still garnered national attention, causing many Americans to become angered with the government's actions. Because of the widespread criticism, the U.S. decided to discontinue their nuclear tests.

Although it was still under the name of the Don't Make Wave Committee, this protest voyage is considered to be the beginnings of Greenpeace. The group officially changed their name to Greenpeace in 1972. The Greenpeace website lists the founders to be Bob Hunter, David McTaggart, and Dorothy and Irving Stow. Their second campaign targeted French atmospheric weapons testing. In the mid 1970s, Greenpeace began to expand the scope of its efforts, focusing on issues such as commercial whaling, seal hunting, and toxic waste. Around the safe time, independent Greenpeace groups began to surface throughout the globe. In 1979, Greenpeace International was established, and it set up a formal organizational structure that linked the local offices.

A set of comprehensive timelines covering the activities of Greenpeace in the past few decades can be found here: https://www.greenpeace.org.uk/about/impact/history/

The 1980s saw an increase in Greenpeace ships and offices throughout the world, and activism efforts were still focusing on nuclear weapons, toxic waste, and destructive whaling, seal hunting, and fishing practices.

The 1990s marked the beginning of Greenpeace's climate change campaigns.

In the 2000-2010s, Greenpeace expanded their activities to focus on a broad range of environmental issues, including pollutants, wars, hazardous chemicals, deforestation, coal, and oil rigs.

Campaigns:

The campaigns vary based on the regional location. Some examples of Greenpeace campaigns include saving the arctic, protecting forests, fighting global warming, protecting our oceans, living toxic free, promoting sustainable agriculture, defending democracy, working for peace and disarmament, and challenging nuclear power.

Communication Strategy:

Greenpeace's main forms of campaigning include direct action, lobbying, and public education. Greenpeace also utilizes many different forms of social media, including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Greenpeace occasionally uses unique, out-of-the-box visuals to communicate their ideas and mission during protests, such as the use of Aurora the giant polar bear.

Oppositional Forces:

Greenpeace works to fight against a number of industries, activities, and events that threaten environmental health, including but not limited to: nuclear energy issues, toxic waste, commercial whaling and seal hunting, overfishing, genetic engineering, deforestation, oil and coal industries, and issues of climate change. Greenpeace also frequently faces criticism from a variety of individuals, usually those who have stakes in any of the aforementioned environmental issues that Greenpeace seeks to eliminate.

Type of Organization:

NGO

environmental organization

Tatics Used:

Hashtags:

activism, greenpeace, environmental, environmental activism,

Website

Twitter

Facebook

Web Exhibit Created By:

Emily Kian

Public:

true

Caption:

Refugee Solidarity Protests - March 2018

ib47@duke.edu — Wed, 25 Apr 2018 00:31:50 +0000

Musawah

jhm25@duke.edu — Mon, 23 Apr 2018 16:45:14 +0000

Description:

Musawah is an advocacy group focused on the Muslim family worldwide. The group was officially founded in February of 2009 at a Global Meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with over 250 men and women from 50 countries attending. One member of the movement described the conversations at the initial conference being centered around “wrestling Islam back from the men who use it against us” (Mona Eltahawy). Musawah as an organization argues for reform from multiple approaches: Islamic sources, including Muslim jurisprudence; international human rights standards; national laws and constitutional guarantees of equality; and lived realities of women and men. Moreover, Musawah embodies the idea that women can locate their activism, their feminism, and their demands for justice and equality in both Islamic and human rights frameworks.

Goals:

To build and share knowledge that supports equality and justice in the Muslim family using a holistic approach that combines Islamic principles and jurisprudence, international human rights standards, national laws and constitutional guarantees of equality and non-discrimination, and the lived realities of women and men.
To build a critical mass of organizations, groups, and individuals who are empowered to engage in the public discourse on Islam and women's rights.
To support the work of human rights mechanisms as well as groups and individuals working with these processes at the international, regional, and national levels to advance equality and justice in the Muslim family.

Historical/Political Context:

In the early days of Islam in the 7th century, when interpretations of the Quran were not as set in stone and institutionalized, the religion offered more rights to women than many western cultures. For example, marriage was seen as a contract rather than a social status for women; female infanticide was prohibited and women were given inheritance rights. However, as centuries passed and rigid interpretation of the Quran became normalized and the leadership of the patriarchal societies in the Arab World standardized and systematized the repression of women, Muslim women lost more independence and agency. Modern Islamic feminism began in the nineteenth century as a rejection of some repressive practices that were "justified" by religion. For example, polygamy, the veil, and purdah (sex-segregation in Islam) were criticized, but only by a small number of Muslims. Over the next century and a half, Islamic feminism gained momentum; however, it looked very different from the classic political movement of feminism that was making leaps and bounds in the West. Muslim women wanted to advocate for female agency within the framework of Islam. It is anchored within the discourse of the Quran and Islamic feminists interpret the text through a feminist lens. In the twentieth and twenty first centuries, many Muslim women reject using Islam as justification for many repressive policies in the Arab world, as they believe that feminism and progress are possible within the context of the religion. Islamic feminists oppose the conservative interpretation of the Quran and the patriarchal discourse that has dominated the Middle East for so long.

Structure:

The Musawah community includes advocates, allies, affinity groups, working groups, the International Advisory Group and its Steering Committee, the Musawah Secretariat, and all men and women who has a stake and is involved with Musawah's work.

The International Advisory Group, formed in February 2010 to replace the original Planning Committee for the group's first Global Meeting. It is Musawah's highest policy and decision making body, consisting of 13 advocates who provide strategic direction, leadership, provide feedback on Musawah's programs and activities, and help guide the broad direction of the organization. The smaller Steering Committee works with the Musawah Secretariat (explained below) to make program decisions and monitor general implementation of the movement.

The Musawah Secretariat is the implementation body comprised of a Director and program/administrative staff.

There are five Working Groups within the organizations each covering an area of work: knowledge building, outreach, international advocacy, communications, and resource mobilization. Each group is led by a convener (or director) and consists of Advocates, IAG members, Secretariat staff members, and allies. The conveners of the five Working Groups are all members of the IAG Steering Committee.

The decision-making hierarchy is shown in the graphic below:

Genealogy:

In March of 2007, twelve women met in Istanbul to form a planning committee in order to start a conversation about equality in the Muslim family. The word “musawah” means equality in Arabic (مساواة), and the founders chose this word as representative of the Islamic Feminist movement and its efforts to reclaim equality and justice in the Muslim family. They wanted to build an international network to share scholarship, strategies, and best practices on work related to family laws in Muslim contexts. In 2009, the group held their first Global Meeting in Kuala Lumpur and officially launched the organization. Since then, the organization has expanded and become a leader within the Islamic feminist movement.

Watch the opening video of the 2009 Global Meeting below!

Campaigns:

Musawah works on three inter-related areas in order to build a strong movement of women and men working towards a common goal of equality and justice in Muslim families. All of the three areas are supported by communications activities.

The Musawah Course Islam & Gender Equality and Justice
o Designed for women and human rights activists working in Muslim contexts throughout the world
o Offers an alternative discourse on an Islam that upholds the principles of equality and justice, helps build a tradition of public debate on religion and public law and policy, and advocates for women's rights in Muslim contexts

A Toolkit for Advocates
o Designed for advocates
o Includes definitions of key terms and suggested activities for advocates to do on their own or within a group
o List of follow-up activities like accessing online audio-visual clips of Musawah Advocates speaking about their experiences and ideas
o Other resources
o http://www.musawah.org/get-involved/toolkit

Ideological Composition:

This group is composed of progressive people of the Muslim faith. As an organization, it is pluralistic and inclusive, bringing together NGOs, activists, scholars, legal practitioners, policy makers and grassroots women and men from around the world. The Islamic Feminist group is a sub-movement within the larger International Feminist movement. They relate with the general political and cultural goals of the International Feminist movement; however, Muslim women are in a different position than many women from other regions because of the religious restrictions that have been incorporated into many Arab regimes. Because of this, their goals are less lofty than those of many other feminists globally. However, Islamic feminists do benefit from interaction with other feminist sub-movements as they can share campaigns and resources, even if their basic ideological compositions are not identical.

Communication Strategy:

Musawah works within three areas in order to build a strong movement of both men and women working towards a common goal: knowledge building, capacity building, and international advocacy. As a knowledge building movement, Musawah facilitates access to existing knowledge and creates new knowledge about women's rights in Islam by applying a feminist lens in understanding Muslim legal traditions. In the capacity building area, the group contributes to building a public voice for women leaders. Regarding international advocacy, Musawah aims to strengthen women's voices both at regional and international levels. They are committed to including the following in their communications and outreach:

Translations
An emphasis on clear language
Sensitivity to information and communications technology access in resource-poor contexts
Inclusivity in the form, structure, and content of communications
Respect for confidentiality
Positive messaging that conveys the belief that change can happen and that people can be active agents in their lives

Created New Spaces:

The Musawah community is very global and thus many of their shared spaces are online. They have an active Facebook group where people post images and stories that are relatable across countries.

Oppositional Forces:

Religious and cultural barriers
- Sharia Law
- The Veil
Women who are considered too outspoken on women’s rights can expect severe reprisals from the state or society
Scrutiny from the West
- Must prioritize the narratives of Muslim women

Further Reading:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0ahUKEwiI2Yq…

Al-Sharmani, Mulki. "Islamic Feminism: Transnational and National Reflections." Approaching Religion 4, no. 2 (2014): 83-93.

Type of Organization:

Tatics Used:

Hashtags:

#musawah

Website

Twitter

Facebook

Web Exhibit Created By:

Hayes McManemin

Public:

true

Caption:

Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America

crk37@duke.edu — Mon, 23 Apr 2018 15:38:55 +0000

Description:

Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America was created in December 2012, in immediate response to the tragic shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School. As a leading force for gun violence prevention, the group supports the Second Amendment but believes that common sense solutions are necessary in order to protect our children and loved ones. Moms Demand Action emphasizes that gun violence is an epidemic and fights for stronger gun laws and policies that would decrease this escalating epidemic. Though founded by mothers, the organization includes a large demographic, including men and students. With a chapter in every state, Moms Demand Action is educating and mobilizing supporters to take action in favor of stricter gun legislation that will ultimately save lives.

Moms Demand Action https://momsdemandaction.org/

Goals:

Common-sense solutions to gun violence
Stronger, sensible gun laws and policies
Institution of universal background checks
- In attempt to close major loopholes created through online sales and gun shows
Legislation prohibiting domestic abusers from having guns
Implementation of Red Flag Law

https://momsdemandaction.org/about/

https://everytown.org/moms/

Historical/Political Context:

The history of the United States is marked by extreme gun violence and fetishization of guns with limited gun reform. Despite the immense presence of gun violence throughout the 19^th and 20^th centuries, including the innovation and mass production of guns, Bill Clinton’s platform during his 1992 election was the first to include gun control. In 1994, Congress passed a ban on assault weapons. However, Congress pressured the CDC to stop researching gun violence in 1996, and the federal ban on assault weapons expired in 2004. Since that time, some states have passed stricter gun control policies, but the federal government has remained unable to agree on legislation. In addition, throughout the presidencies of Obama and Trump, politics in the United States have become increasingly polarized, and almost every issue brought before the government seems to become a partisan issue. This historical and political context has affected the identity of Moms Demand Action, as the organization seeks nonpartisanship and grassroots organizing in order to impact the stagnancy and division of the United States on issues such as the gun violence epidemic.

https://act.everytown.org/signup/Join-Moms/

http://lawcenter.giffords.org/search-federal-gun-law/

Loaded by Roxanne Dunbar - Ortiz

Structure:

The structure of the group truly reflects its identity as a powerful grassroots collective. Moms Demand Action has a headquarters in New York City, in association with Everytown for Gun Safety. In addition, the organization has a chapter in every state and Washington D.C. Further, each chapter has groups spread throughout the state. For example, the North Carolina chapter of Moms Demand Action includes groups in Durham, Raleigh, Greensboro, Wilmington, Western Wake County, Southern Wake County, Wake Forest, Winston Salem, Sanford, Orange and Chatham Counties, Hendersonville, Rowan County, Moore County, Boone, Concord/Kannapolis/North Charlotte, Brevard, Asheville, and others. In addition, most members of Moms Demand Actions work as volunteers. The organization maintains a small professional staff, but the vast majority of members volunteer their own time and money to fight against gun violence.

Moms Demand Action in NC - https://www.facebook.com/MomsDemandActionNC/?ref=br_rs

Genealogy:

Moms Demand Action was founded by Shannon Watts on December 15^th, 2012 in response to the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Shannon Watts, a mother of five, started a Facebook page the day after the tragedy at Sandy Hook with the general message that all Americans are capable of and have a responsibility to do more to reduce gun violence. The online conversation spread rapidly and evolved into a grassroots movement of American mothers fighting for ‘common-sense solutions’ that protect people from gun violence while respecting the Second Amendment. In December of 2013, Moms Demand Action and Mayors Against Illegal Guns partnered in the formation of Everytown for Gun Safety, the largest gun violence prevention organization in the nation. Over the past five years, the organization has grown immensely, currently holding over four million supporters.

Campaigns:

Their national campaigns include Debunking Gun Myths at the Dinner Table, Educators Demand Action, Be SMART for Kids, and Students Demand Action.

Debunking Gun Myths at the Dinner Table: This social media campaign seeks to dispel myths that the gun lobby spreads and utilizes to further its agenda. By dispelling these myths, Moms Demand Action hopes to promote open and honest dialogue regarding gun culture, gun violence, and gun control legislation in the United States.

Debunking Gun Myths Example https://momsdemandaction.org/campaigns/debunking-gun-myths/

Educators Demand Action: Through this campaign, Moms Demand Action seeks to unite and mobilize educators (including teachers, principals, professors, deans, school board members, athletic coaches, and all other educational professionals) in the effort to keep guns out of schools and campuses.

Educators Demand Action https://everytown.ngpvanhost.com/

Be SMART for Kids: The Be SMART campaign works to educate people about general gun safety and storage, in order to reduce the number of suicides and unintentional shootings that occur when children are able to get ahold of guns.

BeSMART Campaign http://besmartforkids.org/about/

Students Demand Action: This campaign is a new initiative that is working to unite students in the fight for all American students to feel safe in their classrooms and schools. Students can sign up to join the campaign here - https://act.everytown.org/sign/join-students-demand-action

Students Demand Action https://act.everytown.org/sign/join-students-demand-action

https://momsdemandaction.org/campaigns/

Ideological Composition:

Moms Demand Action holds a vast ideological composition, due to their strict commitment to remaining a nonpartisan group. Due to their strategic focus on common sense solutions and strict identity as a single-issue organization, Moms Demand Action includes members on both sides of the political isle. In addition, the group includes both gun-owners and non-gun owners.

Communication Strategy:

As Moms Demand Action was founded through Facebook, it retains a high social media presence and relies on social media as a major form of communication. Moms Demand Action maintains a Facebook page for the overall organization, a Facebook page for each chapter, and a Twitter account for the overall organization. In addition, Shannon Watts is an influencer on Twitter, utilizing her personal account to communicate about Moms Demand Action. In addition, the organization relies on the press for communication. Watts speaks with the media often, and spokespersons in different chapters train other members of the group who are interested in becoming spokespeople. The media often reaches out to Moms Demand Action, and they communicate their message through this relationship. Internally, the organization utilizes social media as well as face-to-face communication through monthly membership meetings of local groups within each chapter.

Incorporated Cultural Forms:

One Moms Demand Action national campaign utilizes art to humanize the movement against gun violence. The Mothers Dream Quilt Project was created by Moms Demand Action to symbolize both the true impact of gun violence in America and the shared commitment of mothers to making our country safer for children. The organization creates quilts using fabric donated from mothers across the nation. Each quilt contains at least one piece of meaningful fabric from a victim or survivor of gun violence. These blocks of fabric are surrounded by quilt blocks from other mothers or persons who feel the collective pain from too many lives shattered by gun violence.

The Children's Dream Quilt, pictured below, is an example of the product of the Mothers Dream Quilt Project. Please click on the image itself, as this will direct you to the Mothers Dream Quilt Project website, where you can see other quilts. In addition, if by moving your cursor over each piece of fabric on the quilt, you are shown the name of the person who submitted the fabric and a statement from that person.

http://mothersdreamquilt.org/

Oppositional Forces:

The gun lobby, specifically the National Rifle Association (NRA) provides the main oppositional force to Moms Demand Action, and the movement against gun violence in general. Specifically, for many years, the NRA has controlled the language regarding the movement against gun violence. Through their work, 'gun control' has received a negative connotation.

Further Reading:

Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. Loaded: A Disarming History of the Second Amendment. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2018.

http://lawcenter.giffords.org/search-federal-gun-law/

https://momsdemandaction.org/about/

https://everytown.org/moms/

https://momsdemandaction.org/campaigns/

https://www.youtube.com/user/MomsDemandAction

https://everytownresearch.org/

Denney, David. Personal Interview. 12 April 2018. As a part of my research for this project, I had the privilege of interviewing David Denney. He is the Data Lead for the chapter of Moms Demand Action in North Carolina. I would like to personally thank David for taking the time to speak with me and providing me with detailed information of the organization.

Type of Organization:

grassroots collective

Tatics Used:

tabling at community events

Hashtags:

#MomsDemand

#gunsense

#NoMoreSilence

#BeSMART

#StudentsDemandAction

#ProtectOurSchools

#PeopleOverProfits

Website

Twitter

Facebook

Web Exhibit Created By:

Callie Keen

Click the following link to see a storymap that examines gun control with respect to the 35 senators up for reelection in November 2018. Information includes the state where each senator is seeking reelection, political party, whether the topic of guns / gun control in general is an issue on the senator's platform, and the senator's stance on gun control. We created this digital project in order to help voters understand the stance on gun control and significance of guns as an issue to the senators seeking reelection.

https://uploads.knightlab.com/storymapjs/abd4e3d1ce5cd7496173c8cce0fd8f3c/gun-control-in-2018-senate-elections/index.html

Public:

true

Caption:

Planned Parenthood Action Fund

slb117@duke.edu — Mon, 23 Apr 2018 08:17:03 +0000

Description:

Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) is the Planned Parenthood US umbrella organization. Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF) is the political advocacy branch of Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Planned Parenthood provides healthcare services, especially to people that may not otherwise have access to it, and notably provides birth control and abortion services. PPAF is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that works to defend people’s autonomy over their own bodies. It consists of both national and regional groups. “Planned Parenthood is the nation’s leading provider and advocate of high-quality, affordable health care for women, men, and young people” and "the nation’s largest provider of sex education.”

Planned Parenthood Action Fund's website states:

Planned Parenthood was founded over 100 years ago on the revolutionary idea that women have the right to access the information and care they need to live strong, healthy lives. Today, the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF) fights to protect that right — often in the face of extreme politicians trying to take it away.

www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/our-history

www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/about-us

Goals:

Lindsay Robinson, the NC Director of Public Affairs for the Planned Parenthood Votes! South Atlantic (a regional affiliate) describes the group’s goals as such: “Our mission is ‘care no matter what’ and we want to make sure that women are able to make informed decisions that are best for them about their health and their health access. That is really what we're about in terms of our mission and just being able to provide health care and have access provided to individuals.”

Planned Parenthood’s website describes their mission as follows:

Our Mission

Planned Parenthood aims to provide trusted community health care, inform and educate the community, lead the reproductive health and rights movement, and advance global health.

Our Vision and Values

Planned Parenthood believes in the individual fundamental right of people throughout the world to manage their reproductive health, regardless of income, marital status, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, national origin, or residence. Respect, inclusion and diversity in all aspects of our organization are essential to our well-being. We believe reproductive self-determination must be voluntary and we honor the right to privacy. We further believe that such self-determination enhances quality of life and helps build strong family relationships.

Our Goals

To provide comprehensive reproductive and complementary health care services in settings that preserve and protect the essential privacy and rights of each individual
To advocate public policies that guarantee these rights and ensure access to such services
To provide educational programs that enhance understanding of individual and societal implications of human sexuality
To promote research and the advancement of technology in reproductive health care and encourage understanding of their inherent bioethical, behavioral, and social implications

Historical/Political Context:

In 1916, the original Planned Parenthood began as a way to distribute information about and provide birth control in a time in which that was illegal. Founder Margaret Sanger also worked to research new birth control methods. In 1936, a court ruled “that birth control devices and information would no longer be classified as obscene, and could be legally distributed in New York, Connecticut, and Vermont.” Thirty years later, married couples (only married couples) across the United States were also granted these rights. “In 1956, the first large-scale human trial of the birth control pill was carried out in Puerto Rico.” Fours year later, on May 9, 1960, the FDA approved the sale of the birth control pill. “Within 5 years, 1 out of every 4 married women in the U.S. under the age of 45 had used the pill.” This was a historic step for contraceptive usage, Planned Parenthood, and women and families.

Supreme Court cases throughout the 1960s and 1970s made it so that doctors could give birth control to anyone, regardless of the patient’s marital status. Title X of the Public Health Services Act passed in 1970 and “established public funding for family planning and sex education programs in the U.S. That meant Planned Parenthood and other reproductive health organizations were able to provide birth control and sex education services for more people, especially in low-income communities. To this day, Title X funding is critical to accessing sexual and reproductive health care.” In 1973, the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade affirmed the right to abortion because of one’s right to privacy. During the 1970s, many laws restricting abortion access were ruled against in the courts. However, in 1976, the Hyde Amendment banned the use of federal funding to pay for abortions, except in cases of incest, rape, or if necessary to protect the life of the mother.

Due to the many wins by abortion rights activists in the 1970s, there was strong pushback from anti-abortion rights activists in the 1980s and 1990s. This is the time that the opposition became violent, threatening those involved in providing abortions and following through on those threats of murder, bombings, and arson. Ronald Reagan’s and George H.W. Bush’s administrations were accompanied by a wave of abortion restrictions. “But throughout these difficult times, Planned Parenthood remained steadfast in its commitment to patients and its vision of a world without barriers to sexual and reproductive health care.”

In 1989, “Planned Parenthood Federation of America president Faye Wattleton founded the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, a 501c4 organization, to engage in public education campaigns, grassroots organizing, and legislative and electoral activity.” Planned Parenthood Action Fund was started as a way to focus on politics affecting reproductive health and rights so that Planned Parenthood could continue to operate. Gloria Feldt, the former PPFA president, describes the necessity for PPAF in saying “Our political work is our survival.” Without PPAF, Planned Parenthood could not do the work that it does.

The 1990s brought with them many new types of contraceptives, expanding the options for those seeking birth control. Mifepristone, the “abortion pill,” was approved by the FDA in 2000, providing women more options with regards to abortion methods. The Supreme Court ruling in Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt in 2016 declared “that states could not create rules that placed an ‘undue burden’ on people seeking abortion,” which was a big win for women and healthcare.

Currently, Planned Parenthood Action Fund spends a great deal of time fighting the Trump administration’s attempts to defund Planned Parenthood and their Title X funding. Lindsay Robinson, the NC Director of Public Affairs for the Planned Parenthood Votes! South Atlantic (a regional affiliate) describes the difficulty and necessity of their work: “We know funding could be taken away any minute so we have to continually be prepared. I think one of the pros and cons about this job is that you have to constantly be reactive.”

For a more detailed description of the context in which Planned Parenthood has grown, visit: www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/our-history.

For more information about the founding of Planned Parenthood Action Fund, visit: 100years.plannedparenthood.org/#e1976-1996/5.

Structure:

Planned Parenthood has millions of supporters and is comprised of both employees and volunteers of all backgrounds. It has a lot of employees, but also relies heavily on volunteers. The most prominent demographic amongst its supporters is women, however it has members of all genders and is very intersectional. Planned Parenthood’s purpose is to provide service to those that would not otherwise get it, which often includes “people of color, people who live in rural areas, LGBTQ people, people with low incomes, and people without health insurance.” They emphasize that they work for people of “of all races, faiths, genders, and identities.”

Because they understand that their members and supporters come from all different backgrounds, Planned Parenthood has formed official communities within the organization, including Latinos for Planned Parenthood, Planned Parenthood Black Community, Planned Parenthood Global (which involves women internationally), Planned Parenthood Generation Action (which involves college students), and the Clergy Advocacy Board (which involves “faith leaders” from various religious backgrounds and institutions). These communities bring people together to fight for a common goal.

The current president of Planned Parenthood Federation of America and Planned Parenthood Action Fund is Cecile Richards, a middle-aged white American woman. The current PPAF Board Chair is Urvashi Vaid, a middle-aged, lesbian Indian-American woman. The PPFA executive members include people of varying genders and races, however they are mainly middle-aged.

The organization is arranged hierarchically, much like a traditional company. Planned Parenthood has a board and a whole executive team. The regional affiliates report up to Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Each affiliate covers a particular region of the United States, such as the South Atlantic, the Northwest, or a single state. The groups have departments within them, and those departments have leaders and employees who report to that leader. Volunteers support their work.

www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/communities

www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/about-us/ppaf-president

www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/our-leadership

Genealogy:

Margaret Sanger founded Planned Parenthood through a series of efforts that began in 1916. Sanger was a nurse who grew up in New York and witnessed her mother go through eighteen pregnancies. Planned Parenthood began as a way to distribute information about and provide birth control.

From Planned Parenthood:

On October 16, 1916, Sanger — together with her sister Ethel Byrne and activist Fania Mindell — opened the country’s first birth control clinic in Brownsville, Brooklyn. Women lined up down the block to get birth control information and advice from Sanger, Byrne, and Mindell. Nine days later, police raided the clinic and shut it down. All 3 women were charged with crimes related to sharing birth control information. Sanger refused to pay the fine and spent 30 days in jail, where she educated other inmates about birth control. Although the Brownsville clinic was shut down, Sanger went on to travel the country to share her vision — and the Planned Parenthood movement began.
In 1923, Sanger opened the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau in Manhattan to provide birth control devices to women and to collect statistics about the safety and long-term effectiveness of birth control. That same year, Sanger incorporated the American Birth Control League, an ambitious new organization that examined the global impact of population growth, disarmament, and famine. The two organizations eventually merged to become Planned Parenthood® Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA®).
In 1948, Planned Parenthood awarded a small grant to biologists Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and M.C. Chang to conduct research into a birth control pill. Katharine Dexter McCormick, a leader in the suffrage movement and the League of Women Voters, was head of the research process and its primary funder.
While stateside acceptance of Sanger’s vision was slow, global progress was swift. In Bombay, the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) was founded at the 3rd International Conference on Planned Parenthood. Margaret Sanger served as its president from 1952-1959. Today, Planned Parenthood Federation of America is the U.S. Member Association to IPPF.
After New York legalized abortion in 1970, a Planned Parenthood health center in Syracuse, NY was the first Planned Parenthood health center to offer abortion services.
In 1987, Planned Parenthood began offering free or low-cost HIV testing in communities around the country.
[In 1989], Planned Parenthood Federation of America president Faye Wattleton founded the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, a 501c4 organization, to engage in public education campaigns, grassroots organizing, and legislative and electoral activity.
In 1996, Planned Parenthood launched www.plannedparenthood.org, which made expert medical and sexual health information easily accessible for everyone. Today, 76 million people reach Planned Parenthood online every year.
In 2005, the first Planned Parenthood affiliate began providing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for transgender patients. In 2006, the HPV vaccine was approved, and Planned Parenthood health centers began providing this lifesaving cancer prevention method at health centers across the country.

For an even more detailed description of the history of Planned Parenthood, visit www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/our-history and www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/about-us.

To explore an interactive timeline of Planned Parenthood's 100-year history (at the time it was made) 100years.plannedparenthood.org/.

Campaigns:

Planned Parenthood is constantly working on many projects to fulfill their mission. Their website lays out the issues they are currently focusing on. These include abortion access, attacks on Planned Parenthood, birth control, health care equity, sex education, sexual assault, state attacks, and voting rights.

Planned Parenthood Action Fund: www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/issues

Planned Parenthood Federation of America: www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/newsroom/campaigns

Ideological Composition:

Planned Parenthood is an organization that maintains feminist values. Planned Parenthood’s members and supporters tend to hold liberal beliefs, as the issues they fight for, such as publicly-covered access to healthcare and promoting contraceptive usage, are part of liberal ideology. Additionally, the candidates that Planned Parenthood Action Fund supports are almost always Democrats. However, this does not mean that Planned Parenthood is only liberal or Democratic, as it certainly has supporters from many political backgrounds.

www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/about-us

Communication Strategy:

Internally, the group communicates both in person and online. Externally, Planned Parenthood has an entire communications team and communicates in myriad ways. They utilize social media, press, and mass media, and they give speeches at various events.

Created New Spaces:

The spaces that Planned Parenthood have created are the actual Planned Parenthood clinics and offices. These are physical spaces in which they provide their services and carry out their mission.

Oppositional Forces:

There are many pro-life groups, both religious and secular, that oppose Planned Parenthood because they offer abortion services. Major groups include National Right to Life and Pro-Life Action League. Here is an extensive list of over 85 anti-abortion organizations in the United States.

Planned Parenthood also faces opposition from many parts of the government, particularly the current Trump Administration.

Media Artifacts:

Source: miplannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-worldview/

Source: blogforarizona.net/anti-choicers-are-out-to-replace-planned-parenthood-with-clinics-that-dont-offer-birth-control/

Source: www.istandwithpp.org/defund-defined/how-federal-funding-works-planned-parenthood

Source: www.facebook.com/pg/PlannedParenthood/photos/

"MANHATTAN, NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK, UNITED STATES - 2015/09/29: Participants hold pink Planned Parenthood banner and signs. Activists and directors of Planned Parenthood, NYC, gathered in Foley Square along NYC first lady Chirlane McCray and elected representatives to demonstrate support for the organization. (Photo by Andy Katz/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images)" Source: www.glamour.com/story/planned-parenthood-pink-out-day-2017

An abortion rights supporter stands outside of the Supreme Court of the United States in Washington, DC. Source: www.care2.com/causes/4-significant-court-wins-for-abortion-rights.html?utm_source=news&utm_medium=facebook&utm_campaign=actionfb&utm_content=abortionwin0428

Further Reading:

http://www.plannedparenthood.org/

Plannedparenthood.org. (2018). Planned Parenthood | Official Site.

http://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/

Plannedparenthoodaction.org. (2018). Planned Parenthood Action Fund.

http://100years.plannedparenthood.org/

Planned Parenthood 100 Years Strong. (2018). Planned Parenthood | 100 Years Strong.

http://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/142

Congress.gov. (2018). S.142 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): Hyde Amendment Codification Act.

Type of Organization:

Tatics Used:

contacting politicians

Hashtags:

#IStandWithPP

#StandWithPP

#WeArePP

#TeenHealth

Website

Twitter

Facebook

Web Exhibit Created By:

Shannon Bonney

Public:

true

Caption:

Non Una Di Meno

ees44@duke.edu — Sun, 22 Apr 2018 23:54:55 +0000

Description:

Non Una Di Meno, meaning Not One More, is a feminist grassroots collective started in 2015 after 22 year-old Sara Di Pietrantonio was burnt to death by her ex-boyfriend. The group was modeled after Ni Una Menos, the feminist movement started in Argentina earlier that year. It is made up of activists from various pre-existing feminist collectives in Italy, and as such, Non Una Di Meno has a broad focus, advocating for equal pay, guaranteed welfare, and abortion rights, and against harassment in the workplace and gender violence. The symbol of the movement is the Russian doll: one woman inside another, from Italy to Latin America, to the whole world.

Goals:

Non Una Di Meno aims to:

Create safe spaces for women to encourage support and solidarity among all female-identifying individuals, as well as centers for women who have experienced gender violence, sexual assault, or relationship violence
Enact a law requiring doctors who refuse to perform abortions to refer women to a clinic or a doctor that will perform it for them, allowing more women to get access to the healthcare they need
Minimize the wage gap between men and women in Italy

and more broadly aims to:

Start a conversation on gender violence in Italy and the institutions that fuel and perpetuate it
Free the minds of Italians from the restricting cages of gender roles
Combat racism, especially between women
Get international recognition and support to show that these problems are not unique to Italy, and affect women world-wide

Non Una Di Meno's plan against gender based violence can be read in more detail here.

Historical/Political Context:

Women in Italy only got the right to vote in 1945, over 20 years later than America. Married women were the property of their husbands until 1919. The fascist government during the Second World War further emphasized the woman's role as a bearer of children for the man, and as someone who tends to the home. Though women have gained a great deal of autonomy since then, the members of Non Una Di Meno believe that with the growing neoliberal society, women are losing some of the rights they fought so hard for over the past decades. In Italy, 1 in 3 women has suffered from some kind of violence in her life. Only 1 in 7 gynecologists will perform an abortion. 1 woman is killed every 3 days by a man/men of whom she is familiar. However, even with stricter punitive laws for those responsible, the problem has not improved. This is because it is a structural problem engrained in society, and this is what Non Una Di Meno grew out of, in order to combat it. They are working to change how we think, see, and talk about our world. These actions are so habitual and so established in society that it is hard to discern them as unnatural. Non Una Di Meno is not the first group of its kind; it is in fact quite young. Differenza Donna is a group that was founded in 1989 and has been working to overcome gender-based violence. Differenza Donna is a part of WAVE (Women Against Violence Europe), a European network of 46 countries fighting against gender-based violence. With this international support, they helped found D.i.Re, an Italian network of women's shelters. The organization Sommosse was founded under similar circumstances to Non Una di Meno's, but almost 10 years earlier. After a woman was assaulted and killed in Rome, this group emerged to join in the struggle against gender violence. So though Non Una di Meno is not the only organization with these aims, it has been instrumental in gaining international attention and due to its support from, and its connection to, many other movements, it has been more successful.

Structure:

Non Una Di Meno is a network composed of "nodes", as they are described by group members. Every city assembly constitutes a "node" in the network. The city assemblies are composed of associations, collectives, and individuals. They meet annually or bi-annually and put together plans, like the National Anti-Violence Plan put together after the first march on Nov 26, 2016, and use those to lobby. Anyone can attend the assemblies and voice their opinion. There is not a specific structure to the leadership of the group, however there is distinction between women who lead and organize the assemblies, centers, marches, donations, social media, etc. and those who simply participate. The leaders in these situations will be leaders from other established groups, or those who are more involved and thus having a higher position in Non Una di Meno. There is no president or traditional group leader distinction, but there is the possibility of being more involved in the organization of the group, or simply joining a demonstration or attending an assembly. Anyone who wants to be more involved and have more responsibility within the group can; there is no election of an exec board or president, for example. The group is made up of mostly women, but there are men who participate, and the group is open to anyone who "wants to fight against masculine violence towards women and all types of gender violence." Non Una Di Meno is made up of people of various classes, races, sexualities, and ages, and they emphasize this diversity as key to the group. They maintain that gaining rights for white, affluent, women does not contribute to creating a long-term solution to institutionalized gender violence.

Genealogy:

Non Una Di Meno was created in 2015 as a response to the brutal murder of a young woman by her ex-boyfriend. The movement was inspired by Ni Una Menos, which began as a response to a similar murder in Argentina. It was started by the leaders of three pre-existing groups, Io Decido, a pro-choice group, UDI – Unione donne in Italia, a group dating back to the 1940s which focuses on achieving equal rights for women in the law, and D.i.Re – Donne In Rete contro la violenza, an Italian network of anti-violence centers and women's homes. These three groups came together, along with hundreds of their volunteers, to create Non Una Di Meno, when they realized that all their causes were interconnected within a broader feminist movement. They understood that it is not sufficient to simply change one legislation or create another center, but that Italian women need to stand in solidarity to try and tackle the institutionally patriarchal Italian society. On November 26^th, 2016, they had their first big demonstration in Rome, which gathered over 200,000 women, men, and children, from all over Italy. Since then, the group has continued to grow, receiving funding through donations, and through the three pre-existing groups that founded it, and that they continue to work closely with.

Campaigns:

Non Una Di Meno has participated in two major campaigns since it was founded. The first is the #SiAmoAfrin campaign, an international campaign that Non Una Di Meno supports. It is a humanitarian aid campaign to help minority populations of Afrin affected by the war in Rojava. It is also an act of protest against the lack of response of the international community to the attacks on Afrin. Non Una Di Meno supports Rojava as an autonomous, feminist, region, whose values and goals align with those of the group. The second is the #WeTooGether campaign. The hashtag is modeled after the #MeToo movement, and shows support for that movement while staking their own claims. The #WeTooGether campaign is fighting for many goals which they have outlined in the 'Feminist Plan Against Male Violence Towards Women and all Forms of Gender Violence' (loosely translated), and these can be read at this link: https://nonunadimeno.wordpress.com/2017/11/16/non-una-di-meno-presenta-i...

Ideological Composition:

Non Una Di Meno is an anti-fascist, feminist group. Their ideological composition is important because Italy has a history of very right wing parties in power, and the legislation reflects this. The group is working to push back against fascism, and the aspects that come with a conservative government, like sexism and racism. The group is interventionist, meaning they don't want a dissolution of the government, but want to work with them to create new legislation. Though more than this, they value resistance and oppose the societal sexist norms. As the group is so large and consist of members all across Italy, there are most likely ideological splits among individuals, but all are feminist. The group does not delineate any distinction on their ideological position in relation to capitalism, although their emphasis on publicly funded women's shelters and healthcare suggest socialist tendencies.

Communication Strategy:

Non Una Di Meno uses social media to gain awareness and to keep the many volunteers and followers of the movement up to date on events and actions. Facebook is its biggest platform for coordinating and organizing events. The group's website regularly posts articles and links to videos related to the movement specifically, but also to feminism in general. They also have an Instagram and Twitter. The internal communication for the group happens at the assemblies in each city. This is where concerns are addressed and appropriate actions are decided, and the face-to-face meetings allow for more personal and effective communication.

Created New Spaces:

The group has created multiple non-Institutional anti-violence centers, as well as women's community centers for women to come together for support and community building. It has furthered the conversation on abortion, and has created spaces for women to talk openly about sexual assault and gender violence, allowing their voices to be heard by other women, men, and Italy as a whole.

The group works closely with D.i.Re, the Italian Network of Women's Shelters, which was already well established when Non Una di Meno formed. Their information can be found here.

Incorporated Cultural Forms:

Non Una Di Meno does not explicitly incorporate cultural or art forms into its practices. At their rallies, marches, picnics, dinners, and other events, there is often music and performances, but it is not a central cultural component to the group.

Oppositional Forces:

Because of the group's advocacy for pro-choice, many pro-life groups and religious groups are in opposition with them. As a Catholic country, pro-life groups such as Pro-Vita Onlus have a lot of support in Italy, from both women and men. Many prominent figures of the Catholic Church have opposed the pro-choice aspect of Non Una Di Meno, such as the late archbishop Carlo Caffarra. The Italian parliament is also in opposition to the group, as Non Una Di Meno has conducted sit ins and walk outs in many spaces in the public sphere, such as hospitals and schools, as well as marches that shut down streets. The media is an oppositional force that the group continues to struggle with, as they present the movement as a group of protesters, or women striking, and they do not publicize the group's overarching goal: to eradicate the systems of patriarchy that allow gender violence to continue. This lack of recognition from the media is important as it creates a lack of understanding between the movement and the general population. The group tries to overcome this with their social media, but it is not easy.

Further Reading:

https://www.opendemocracy.net/protest/non-una-di-meno

Type of Organization:

grassroots collective

Tatics Used:

marches

rallies

social media campaigns

Hashtags:

#nonunadimeno

#WeTooGether

#SiAmoAfrin

Website

Twitter

Facebook

Public:

true

Caption:

Survival International

ns224@duke.edu — Fri, 20 Apr 2018 21:04:42 +0000

Description:

India is like a blanket, one woven with threads of various cultures, languages and people. That is the allure of India. A heterogeneity that is unified; an amalgamation of the modern with the quondam; the co-existence of high rise buildings that mark the skyline and the Banyan Trees with roots that penetrate into the depths of the earth. India is also home to one of the largest populations of tribal people, approximately 8.6% according to the 2011 census. Tribal people in India are called Adivasi. It is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups considered the aboriginal population of India.

“A study from Bastar, Madhya Pradesh shows that tribal women migrate on large proportion in search of jobs. They use migration as a survival strategy to escape out of abject poverty. Thousands of tribal women and young girls migrate from their hinterlands in the tribal areas to urban centers mainly in search of employment. They are new to the city life style and environment and find it difficult to make adjustment with the changed situation and environment. They have to face a number of problems in the cities after the migration. Moreover, the non-tribal in the cities exploits them both financially and sexually. A large majority of migrant tribal women are in the age group of 24 to 47 years and the tribal girls in the age group of 16 to 23 years. They face problems like difficulty of communication in local language, getting accommodation and employment, education of children, local contacts, and adjustment with city life and environment etc. Circular and seasonal migration in India is particularly high among the poor, scheduled castes (SCs), scheduled tribes (STs)”

The Dongria Kondh are a Scheduled Tribe, residing in the Niyamgiri Hills of Odisha, India. They see no allure in capitalism, but venerate the land that feeds them. Orissa is the poorest state in India, with 87% of the Scheduled Tribe living below the poverty line. However, Niyamgiri is rich with flaura and fauna: from fertile soils and flowing rivers to dense forests and varied wildlife. The Dongria Kondh sustain themselves from this land, and revere it for all that it gives them. They worship their god Niyam Raja, who they believe provides them with these resources, and live in harmony with their surroundings.

However, for over the past 10 years former FTSE 100 company Vedanta threatened to displace the Dongria Kondh and destroy the untouched hills of Niyamgiri land in order to extract Bauxite from under them. Vedanta saw lucrative benefits in building a mine, but refused to acknowledge that they would be violating not just the land but the people whom rightfully belonged there. Deleterious effects on the environment, the people and the heritage of the tribal community would ensue.

Survival is a UK based NGO, and they decided to be a voice for the voiceless. To allow, for the first time an indigenous community in India to keep the land that rightfully belonged to them, and thus began their "David and Goliath" fight. Survival’s vision is: A world where tribal peoples are respected as contemporary societies and their human rights protected. While it is Survival’s mission is to help tribal people, their capacity at the time was limited, so they could only take on a certain number of cases at a given time. Survival had been aware of the case of Dongria Kondh for a while, and had found out about them through anthropologist Dr.Felix Padel.

Dr.Felix Padel had been involved with the Dongria for some years, and had a long history with Survival. He asked Survival to help in the resistance against the mine. They would have liked to have gotten involved sooner, but could only do so once they had reached capacity.

Before long, Survival took the case on, and were determined to see how they could support the Dongria. It was incredibly clear how strongly the Dongria wanted to defend their land from this mine, and how united they were in that. Because Vedanta is nominally a UK based company it was easier for Survival to take certain action to draw attention to Vedanta's involvement. Their campaign helped to help amplify the Dongrias’ voice- which is what they believe at Survival of making sure: that tribal people defending their land are heard.

Survival faced many obstacles in their fight for the Dongria. Since the Dongria speak a rare dialect, language posed to be a huge problem. Most of their communication (between Survival and the Dongria) had to be dependent upon Oriya translators. There was also a looming threat and intimidation that Survival faced from Vedanta's goons as well as from the police. Furthermore, the venal Indian bureaucracy made any advances difficult.

Survival also faced another major problem right from the start. How could they make a situation regarding a tribal community- no one had heard of, in a corner of India- no one knew of, taking a stand against a major Mining company- people were unaware of? How were they going to make people care?

Survival was successful in doing this by making the issue at hand became an internationally relevant story. Vedanta was a British mining company, which had rules and regulations it ought to be complying with; the rights of tribal people it ought to be respecting. Survival was soon backed by enormous media support in India and internationally. The Dongria were holding marches, forming road blocks and forming human chains. Survival successfully drew attention to their tactics.

Survival triumphant in showing the Dongria's determination to the world. One of the main reasons Survival attributes to why the campaign was a success was the determination of the Dongria, who where just were not going to allow their mountain to be taken away from them. The pride they have in themselves and land couldn't be taken away.

Survival's work with the Dongria exemplifies the indomitable human spirit, that is unified regardless of class, creed or gender when fighting for what is right. Survival is a UK based organization, with little or no experience in the Indian sub-continent prior to this; with no interactions with Indian people, particularly tribal men and women. Yet, they helped the Dongria's like they were their own, to help them secure rights they never would have otherwise.

In conclusion, understanding the issues faced by tribal men and women is not simply acknowledging them as a people who need our sympathy. It is naïve to think that being given the status of “Scheduled Tribe” by the Indian government offers much protection to them- if any at all- as seen by the Dongria Kondh’s fight against Vedanta. The idea of ST in India is like a rope: at first it seems to be one thing, one entity, until you start teasing the ends, and then it begins to fray. And perhaps this is its most challenging aspect: there’s no one problem, which means there’s no one solution. Factors combine and connect: forces intersect and amplify, and it is these very people who are most affected, yet their troubles and complaints go unheard. Today, more than ever before there is a need for extensive discourse on tribal affairs to stop the exploitation of a people, that are weakened by systemic factors arrayed against them. In his book: Environmental communication and the public sphere, Robert Cox highlights the myriad of channels and conduits through which “Diverse Voices” relay specific needs and challenges in real-time, to the authorities who make decisions. According to him this “landscape of communication” is as varied and multifarious as the ecology of the Galapagos or the Amazon. According to Cox, human communication is in itself a form of symbolic action, and this is rightly so. The spectrum ranges from ordinary citizens to environmental groups to corporations. It is this very discourse that ultimately shapes our beliefs, ethics and actions. However, advocacy must be translated into action. Survival has been successful in achieving just this, and helping the Dongria claim what is rightfully theirs. But the fight is not over. Even today the Dongria continue to be harassed by officials. We cannot stagnate, and cling to victories of the past: because the future is now, and we are accountable.

Goals:

As experts in tribal peoples’ rights Survival fights optimistically to have the rights of the tribal men and women protected. They are radical, visionary and trustworthy.They reject national government money as they believe governments are the main violators of tribal peoples’ rights. Further, they refuse to accept funds from corporations. Integrity is their priority.

The campaign coordinator of Survival Dr. Jo Woodman saw their role as two things.

1) Getting the Dongrias’ voice heard

2) Doing what they could to expose actions of the company that was disrespecting the rights of the Dongria, and help the Dongria in their mission to stop the mine.

Historical/Political Context:

The Attitude of Indian Government

There was a big difference in the attitudes of the State and National government in Odisha and Delhi, towards the Dongria. It was complex in that, there was a close link between the Odisha government's interests and the success of the Mine. The Odisha government was very strongly in favor of the mine going ahead, simply for Economic gains. The Ministry of Environment in Delhi had also green lighted things that under the process shouldn't have been.

However, Minister Jai Ram Ramesh was properly sympathetic, as was Rahul Gandhi -Leader of the largest party in India/ Indian National Congress. Rahul Gandhi went to Niyamgiri and showed his support against the mine. However, it was politically difficult for any of the national players to be "influenced" by international NGO's. Survival had a massive impact from the large number of letters they had sent to Minister Jai Ram Ramesh. There was a significant impact from detailed legal arguments Survial sent in while the court case was going on in the supreme court. While it was obvious that it had had a profound impact, it was important that it didn't look like that- it would've made Minister Ramesh look weak and easily influenced, especially by an international NGO.

The court cases mark an important factor in Survival's battle for the Dongrias. This was because it was the first time that the supreme court's ethical committee recommended strongly, very early on, that this Mine shouldn't be given the go ahead, yet the supreme court overruled its own committee. This had never happened before.

The Bharatiya Janata Party is the current party in power. The BJP was critical of the stance Rahul and Jai Ram Ramesh took. One of the first things the Modi government did was release a report by Intelligence agency that Survival International, Green Peace and Amnesty had, had a measurable negative impact on the GDP citing the Niyamgiri case. This nearly curtailed all of Survival's activities in India- no Survival UK person has been able to get a visa to go to India since.

Survival also made complaints to the OECD. The shareholders in Vedanta were very high profile and very important players in this- the Norwegian government who were shareholders pulled their money out- before involvement of survival. We put pressure on the Church of England and they pulled their money out and that had a very profound effect. I was lobbying some key share holders at the British parliament- there were a lot of different players involved. This was wider than survival.

We used every tactic we could think of, demonstrations, pressure on shareholders by directly lobbying them- the arch bishop of Canterbury- we made sure someone would ask him about Niyamgiri- so that there was public embarrassment for their association. We created a degree of notoriety that anyone associated with the infringement of the rights of the Dongria this was added in. We made sure it was always in the forefront of peoples minds. We did a lot of paralegal work, we made a film, our supporters sent letters, we lobbied UN, UK and Indian government officials.

None of this would've happened without the determination of the Dongria. They saved their mountain, we just helped make their voice louder but the victory was theirs.

Structure:

Survival International is a unified organization. They operate across six country offices which all have charitable/nonprofit status.

The international secretariat is based in London and its board of trustees govern the entire movement. Regional offices are managed by their own boards.

Survival's board members bring great expertise in a variety of different fields, from indigenous rights to journalism, via accountancy and the law.

Survival is funded almost entirely by the general public. Their merchandise and trusts and foundations also contribute to their work. That’s what guarantees our powerful and independent voice.

Genealogy:

“Survival is the global movement for tribal peoples’ rights. We’re the only organization that champions tribal peoples around the world. We help them defend their lives, protect their lands and determine their own futures.”

Survival was founded in 1969 by people who were horrified by the genocide of Amazonian Indians. Initially, they meager to no income, but functioned thanks to the efforts of dedicated volunteers. As they began to publish information, they began to receive support from international forums, including the UN.

Survival has supported numerous people globally, in their fight against the annihilation of tribal people, to give a voice to those who we oft turn an ignorant eye, and deaf ear to. Survival provides tribal communities a platform that allows people- like you and me- to witness the genocidal and structural violence, racism and slavery, and deprivation of human rights, daily. Survival has networks all over the world, with offices in London, Berlin, Madrid, Milan, Paris and San Francisco.

Today they continue to lobby the powerful to help the weak; to defend the lives and lands of people who should have the same rights as those who live in concrete forests.

Campaigns:

https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes

Ideological Composition:

While Survival in and of itself has no particular ideological composition, they strongly believe in making sure tribal peoples voices are heard and rights protected.

In the case of Dongria's fight against Vedanta, it was not just Survival that helped. There was a heterogeneous mix of people involved. The Dongria at the heart of the group that comprised resistance to Vedanta and are an incredibly strong and united community. Additonally, there were various local and national level activist and NGO's, international level organizations and agencies. Survival lobbied the Indian and UK government and the UN including CERD intensely. CERD finally took it up seriously with the Indian government.

Communication Strategy:

Lobbying

Letters and Petitions

Legal Documents

Oppositional Forces:

Governments that want to dispossess tribal peoples to take their land or resources.

Companies that want to dispossess tribal peoples to take their land or resources.

Military forces wanting to control tribal areas.

Extremist religious organizations wanting to coerce tribal people into conversion

Extremist organizations on the Left and Right.

Media Artifacts:

Dongria Kondh

Further Reading:

http://epc2010.princeton.edu/papers/100159 https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/dongria https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khonds

Type of Organization:

Tatics Used:

Web Exhibit Created By:

Nanki Singh

Public:

true

Caption:

#MeToo

es293@duke.edu — Tue, 17 Apr 2018 13:17:39 +0000

Description:

#MeToo was created in 2006 by Tarana Burke to help survivors of sexual assault and to ensure survivors that they are not alone in their journey. In October 2017, #MeToo went viral on Twitter, and this group became an international organization, where survivors from all over the world were sharing their stories and creating support groups for all women affected by sexual violence. They are fighting to end sexual violence and are committed to “disrupting all systems that allows sexual violence to flourish.” This will allow survivors of sexual violence to start their healing process. Additionally, Burke hopes to destigmatize survivors by bringing important conversations about sexual violence into the mainstream to show how prominent this issue is in our global society. Primarily, this group was started to help young women of color (from low wealth communities) because this group is the most marginalized in society. At the end of the day, this group wants to communicate the message to all survivors—no matter their gender, race, age, sexual orientation, ability status, or socioeconomic status—so that they are not alone in their journey.

(Quote from https://metoomvmt.org)

Goals:

Spread awareness about how big the problem of sexual harassment is and show that it is an institutional problem
Give survivors of sexual abuse a support system
Call out abusers and remove them from positions of power
Encourage bystander intervention
Provide resources to sexual assault victims
Reduce stigma associated with victims that say it was their fault they got assaulted
Spark global conversation on the issues surrounding sexual assault and sexual violence
Speak to the needs of all survivors, no matter the survivor’s gender, race, age, sexual orientation, ability status or socioeconomic status
Create long term systemic change

Historical/Political Context:

Although this group originally started in 2006, by Tarana Burke and her organization "Just Be Inc.," it really took off in late 2017, after sexual harassment allegations against Harvey Weinstein came out. In response to these allegations, many women started sharing their own stories of how they were affected by sexual harassment. After "me too" went viral, allegations against big-name celebrities started coming out, and group entered the international stage, where it became a network of smaller groups working towards the sexual harassment issue. Since then, people within the network have working with lawmakers and business to change the policies regarding sexual harassment, and how it is dealt with in the workplace.

Currently, because this movement is relatively new, no new sexual harassment policies have been created. However, many corporations are in the process of rewriting their sexual harassment policies, so that women feel more comfortable coming forward if they have been sexually harassed in the workplace. Furthermore, these groups are in the process of lobbying in Washington D.C. to create better government policies regarding sexual harassment. This is to ensure that women feel that their voices are being heard and their stories are being believed.

Structure:

#MeToo does not have one concrete structure. It was created by activist Tarana Burke and her organization "Just Be Inc." After this issue started gaining attention worldwide, #MeToo became a network of different, decentralized groups that work on eradicating this issue.

Genealogy:

The phrase "me too" was first coined in 2006, by Tarana Burke, a sexual assault survivor herself, to provide empathy and support to other victims of sexual violence, particularly low-income black and brown women. It eventually grew to support all women. Between 2006 and 2017, Burke and her organization, "Just Be Inc.," supported young women in their journey of healing. In October 2017, Alyssa Milano asked her Twitter followers to respond to her tweet with "me too" if they had ever experienced sexual assault. She tweeted this in response to allegations against Harvey Weinstein coming out. Overnight, this tweet went viral, and women all over the world were sharing their personal stories of how they experienced this violence. By 2018, Hollywood actresses were using their own platform to speak out against this issue. Since October, there have been many marches and rallies to spread awareness about sexual violence and show how big the problem really is.

Due to the viral nature of this movement, as of November 9^th, 2017, Twitter recorded 2.3 million #MeToo tweets from 85 countries around the world, and Facebook recorded 24 million people participating in the movement, with 77 million posts, reactions or comments associated with #MeToo. Since the initial take-off of the movement, there have been many linguistic and cultural variations of the movement around the world. In some countries, survivors alter #MeToo to their own language, such as Spanish for survivors in Colombia, Mexico and Spain. These citizens use the #YoTambien hashtag for their variation of the movement. In addition, other survivors have changed the #MeToo hashtag to culturally fit within their own society so that the movement can speak more to the needs of the survivors in these other areas around the world. Countries such as France, Italy or Saudi Arabia use these cultural variants: France uses #BalenceTonPorc, Italy uses #QuellaVoltaChe, and Saudi Arabia uses وانا_ايضا وانا_ايضا.

Under “Media Artifacts” below, one can visualize the viral nature of this movement. In this image, one can view the Global Reach of #MeToo from October 16th-November 6th, 2017. Within three weeks, the United States had 520,153 survivors use the #MeToo hashtag, the United Kingdom had 74,125, Canada had 43,359, India had 24,122, France had 15,362, Kenya had 2,022, and China had approximately a mere 400 uses of the hashtag. It was not until January of 2018, where the movement took off in Kenya, China and Pakistan. It took off in Kenya because the #MeToo movement inspired women in Kenya to protest and demand that the Kenyatta National Hospital staff be criminally investigated due to the large number of rape, sexual harassment and sexual violence reports that have taken place in the hospital. It took off in China because a former student of Beihang University posted her story of assault online, thus resulting in the removal of that professor who was also the Vice President of the graduate school. In addition, the movement took off in Pakistan after the public awareness of a rape/murder of a seven-year-old girl names Zainab Ansari. This caused public outrage.

In other industries, companies are working to restructure their sexual harassment policies to make women more comfortable in the workplace. In the service industry, specifically, several states are banning the subminimum wage, so that workers (primarily women) do not have to put up with sexual harassment just to gain an income. Additionally, industries are making sexual harassment trainings more effective and necessary so that sexual misconduct is prevented.

(https://www.fastcompany.com/40516442/where-will-2018-take-the-metoo-move...)

(https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/09/world/metoo-hashtag-global-movement/index...)

Campaigns:

The MeToo group works to bring to attention the different institutions that allow sexual harassment to flourish. By exposing these institutions, the groups hopes that sexual harassment, particularly in the workplace, is diminished.

Ideological Composition:

This network is composed of all types of feminists. Originally, Tarana Burke catered toward low-income black and brown girls. As the network grew, it started to include women of all races, LGBTQ+, and even some men. This network is composed mostly of women with multiple identities, so intersectional feminism has a big influence on this network of groups. Because most women have multiple identities, they are able to show how they are marginalized in different ways, and they are able to bring perspectives to the conversation of sexual harassment.

Communication Strategy:

Because this is not a formally organized group, much of their communication occurs through social media and mass media. Local organizers of marches/rallies will have meetings to discuss strategies. Tarana Burke and her personal organizations use face-to-face communication to lobby for policy change in Congress and in the workplace.

Created New Spaces:

This group has created both physical and imaginary spaces. First, through the work of the activists, women's centers have been created where sexual assault survivors may go and get the resources they need to heal. Second, through the use of social media, women can find support groups and create connections with other women who have had similar experiences and can share their stories.

Here are some links to some women's centers that have received an increase in the number of women coming for their services post-#MeToo: https://www.ywca.org; crisis centers such as https://www.crisiscenterinc.org; https://www.rainn.org; and many other local rape crisis centers, domestic violence shelters, and women's organizations

Incorporated Cultural Forms:

A prominent cultural form this group has taken is through music. Kesha, a musician and sexual assualt survivor herself, performed her song "Praying" at the 2018 Grammys, alongside other activists for #MeToo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=buM8OErfvu0

Oppositional Forces:

There is no one group that is in opposition to this group. Rather, there are people with certain ideologies that are in opposition with the ideas of this group. Specifically, those involved in strong patriarchal institutions are in opposition of this group. Additionally, some groups are arguing that sexual harassment against men is not being included in the conversation, so "men's rights" are being silenced. Here are a couple articles that share opposing viewpoints on #MeToo.

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/opinion/golden-globes-metoo.html https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/movies/catherine-deneuve-and-others-d...

Media Artifacts:

Women who are survivors of sexual harassment and supporters of #MeToo protest during a march in Hollywood, California on November 12, 2017. Photographer: Mark Ralstone https://anith.com/metoo-movement-marches-on-hollywood-against-sexual-assault-and-harassment/

MeToo members are marching to bring attention to sexual harassment in the workplace (Hollywood, California). Through this march, they hope to address this issue to change sexual harassment policies in the workplace, so that women are comfortable in their respective workplaces again. Photographer: Chelsea Guglielmino https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/8031404/metoo-take-back-the-workplace-marches-storm-hollywood

Time Magazine announced that for their Person of the Year, it would not be one single person. Rather, they brought together a series of women, who they named the "Silence Breakers" to be Time's 2017 Person of the Year. These women are the leaders of the movements that has addressed sexual harassment issues. Photographer: Billy and Hells http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/

This is a representation of the global reach of #MeToo from October 16th-November 6th, 2017. Larger circles represent more uses of the #MeToo hashtag. Source: https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/09/world/metoo-hashtag-global-movement/index.html. Information was gathered from Crimson Hexagon's Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter data.

These different hashtags represent some of the linguistic and cultural variations of the #MeToo movement around the world. The second hashtag represents the Saudi Arabian adaptation, the third hashtag represents Spain, Mexico and Colombia's variation, the fourth hashtag represents the French version, the fifth hashtag represents the Israeli version, and lastly, the sixth hashtag represents the Italian variation of the movement.

Further Reading:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1Rb7TGgsp4

Business Insider. “Tarana Burke On How The #MeToo Movement Started And Where It's Headed.” YouTube, YouTube, 13 Dec. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1Rb7TGgsp4.

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/us/the-metoo-moment-whats-next.html?rref=coll…

Bennett, Jessica. “The #MeToo Moment: What's Next?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 5 Jan. 2018,

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/22/us/the-metoo-moment-what-happened-after-women…

Sengupta, Somini. “The #MeToo Moment: What Happened After Women Broke the Silence Elsewhere?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 22 Dec. 2017

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2018-03-06/how-metoo-became-global-movem…

Mahdavi, Pardis. “How #MeToo Became a Global Movement.” Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs, 16 Mar. 2018, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2018-03-06/how-metoo-became-global-movement.

http://time.com/5189945/whats-the-difference-between-the-metoo-and-times-up-move…

Langone, Alix. “What Is the Time's Up Movement and the #MeToo Movement?” Time, Time, 8 Mar. 2018

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/04/opinion/metoo-law-legal-system.html

Mackinnon, Catharine A. “#MeToo Has Done What the Law Could Not.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 5 Feb. 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/04/opinion/metoo-law-legal-system.html.

http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/

Zacharek, Stephanie, et al. “TIME Person of the Year 2017: The Silence Breakers.” Time, Time, 18 Dec. 2017, time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/.

http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-me-too-timeline-20171208-htmlstory.h…

Johnson, Christen A. “#MeToo: A Timeline of Events.” Chicagotribune.com, Chicago Tribune, 17 Apr. 2018, www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-me-too-timeline-20171208-htmlstory.html.

https://www.fastcompany.com/40516442/where-will-2018-take-the-metoo-movement

Mohan, Pavithra. “Where Will 2018 Take The #MeToo Movement?” Fast Company, Fast Company, 17 Jan. 2018, www.fastcompany.com/40516442/where-will-2018-take-the-metoo-movement.

http://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/01/metoo-spreads-to-kenya-pakistan-and-c…

Dunaway, Jaime. “Why the #MeToo Movement Just Took Off in Kenya, Pakistan, and China.” Slate Magazine, Slate, 27 Jan. 2018, slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/01/metoo-spreads-to-kenya-pakistan-and-china-after-sexual-harassment-and-assault-allegations.html.

http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/09/world/metoo-hashtag-global-movement/index.html.

Fox, Kara, and Jan Diehm. “#MeToo's Global Moment: the Anatomy of a Viral Campaign.” CNN, Cable News Network, 9 Nov. 2017, www.cnn.com/2017/11/09/world/metoo-hashtag-global-movement/index.html.

Type of Organization:

Tatics Used:

social media hashtags

lobbying

Hashtags:

#metoo, #TimesUp, #BalenceTonPorc, #YoTambien, #QuellaVoltaChe

Website

Twitter

Facebook

Web Exhibit Created By:

Esha Shah

Aubrey Howard

Public:

true

Caption:

350.org

ddp19@duke.edu — Thu, 12 Apr 2018 00:18:07 +0000

Description:

350.org organizes mass amounts of people to act against new coal, oil, and gas projects. With a network that extends to 188 countries, 350.org has no shortage of citizens committed to looking for clean energy solutions that will halt the heating of the planet. The organization derives it's name from what is typically regarded as the upper limit of what the earth can handle: 350 parts per million (ppm) of carbon in the atmosphere. Thus, it's three primary goals revolve around carbon: keep it in the ground, build an equitable zero-carbon economy, and pressure the government into limiting emissions. To accomplish these goals, it pushes mass collaboration in the name of climate justice, participating in dozens of marches and movements annually.

Goals:

As detailed in this section of its website, the organization's goals are three-fold:

1. Keep carbon in the ground.

2. Help build a new, more equitable zero-carbon economy.

3. Pressure governments into limiting emissions.

They aim to accomplish these three noble pursuits with grassroots organizing, social media campaigns, and mass public actions that target the fossil fuel industry.

Structure:

350.org consists of hundreds of staff members and thousands of volunteers from around the world, as detailed by their team page. They prepend words like "Chief" and "Lead" to certain titles suggesting some sort of hierarchical structure to decision making. The top-most level is an extremely diverse 9-person board which reflects the diversity of their entire team. Most of their impact, though, comes from the thousands of volunteers that demonstrate on a global scale.

Genealogy:

In 2008, environmentalist and writer Bill McKibben and a small group of students from Middlebury College set out with one goal: to reduce the parts per million (ppm) of carbon in the atmosphere. The group derived its name from a paper by NASA climate scientist James Hansen that found 350 ppm of carbon to be the upper limit, or tipping point, in the atmosphere. Just one year previously in 2007, McKibben led his "Step It Up" campaign that involved demonstrations in 1,400 cities across the US. After this, McKibben and the students set out to shift that mission from national to global.

The group gained a significant amount of traction in 2009 after McKibben appeared on the Colbert Report. In 2012, the group received the Katerva Award for behavioural change.

Campaigns:

International Day of Climate Action 10/10/10 Global Work Party Connect the Dots People's Climate March Many more can be found at https://campaigns.350.org/categories

Communication Strategy:

The organization's prioritizes communication through their press releases over all other channels. They also do a lot of communication through social media outlets, as they encourage people to like and share relevant pages. Additionally, their campaigns page spreads the word about relevant movements through petitions.

Oppositional Forces:

Fossil fuel companies, national governments

Type of Organization:

NGO

Tatics Used:

marches

social media campaigns

grassroots organizing